As in 1858 in Germany have developed so-called geyslerovskie tubes, called by the name of their founder Henry Geyslera. In contrast to the incandescent lamps they were bezinertsionnymi, which is very important for reproduction of moving images. These tubes are considered to be the first samples of electrical converters in optical signals. In 1875, American J. Kerry was the idea of creating a system for transferring images, the work is copied the human eye. The system presupposes the existence of transferring to the side with a mosaic of photovoltaic panels, which focused image. Each element was to connect the individual line of communication with its gas lamp. The reception party was a panel with gas lamps, similar in format mosaic photocells. Draft Kerry has not been realized, as proposed simultaneous colors from all photocells. Each of them was carrying information one element image, and there are more than, the higher the clarity of images transmitted. Modern television transmits images, containing about half a million elements (pixels). But where to get as many lines for a television channel?
Various TV system, which basically remained and only ideas. Opportunities to realize them has not yet been - because of the imperfections of the ideas themselves, the material base and low levels of technology in general. But by the end of the XIX century all the prerequisites for the development of practical television systems have been established. Just before the 1900 Inventors eleven countries proposed 25 projects such systems, including four projects had been proposed in Russia.
In 80 - s of the XIX century - 30 - s of the XX century, developed a mechanical system of television, the first time, realizing the basic principle of modern TV - a consistent flow of information about the illumination of all elements of the image. The developers of such projects were portugalets Andrianu de Paiva (1878), Frenchman Senlek Constantine (1879) and Russian physicist-experimenter Porfiry Bahmetev (1880). In 1884, German engineer of Polish origin Paul Nipkov received a patent for "optical-mechanical device", known today as Nipkova disc. In thirty-drive holes, located on the periphery of Archimedes spiral disk. The image transmission facility focused on restrictive (personnel) frame at the top of the disk. With each rotation of the disk hole one line rigid frame and a frame containing 30 rows of 40 elements in each row, that is 1200 was the whole image elements.
In 1888, Russian scientist-physicist AG Stoletov discovery was made emissions of photovoltaic (PV), justify the possibility of direct conversion of light energy into electrical. This discovery showed the possibility of converting optical images in the electrical signals, depending on the illumination. In 1895 the famous Russian scientist worldwide A.S. Popov created the receiver of electromagnetic waves and justified the possibility of wireless communications. These two discoveries are the physical foundations of television.
The author of the first draft of a color television system is a type of mechanical-electrical engineer Russian Alexander Polumordvinov. In December 1899, he proposed a system of color television, which, like all modern systems, based on the theory of three-colored view of Lomonosov-Young-Helmholtz. Alexander Polumordvinov considered to be the first inventor of color television system consistent with the transfer of colors. Another Russian scientist Ovanes Adamyan in 1907, has already proposed a draft system with simultaneous transmission of color signals (as in modern systems of color television).
The device "Govoryaschaya paper" system of mechanical television, existed before the end of 30 - ies of the last century, was arranged as follows. Lens focused on the topic viziruemogo picture frame and rotating it Nipkova disc, which installed photovoltaic. Current PV lighting element is proportional to the image of convertible Nipkova opening drive. At the exit photocells at rotation disk (interlaced) produces a so-called video, which was proportional to the voltage lighting. The top video frequency, carrying about 1200 images with elements of personnel frequency to 25 Hz, is within range of sound frequencies. Consequently, the signal is so low-definition images can be transmitted radio stations and be normal tape recorded. In this radio signal and intensified after the detection done at the neon lamp with a flat cathode, illuminating the screen, which is rotated exactly the same disc Nipkova. Rotation disks on a radio receiver and strictly synchronized, for which the pauses between frames passed sinhroimpulsy, administering drive in the receiver rotation.
Tape recordings sound impression from the first experiment was a huge television. Imagine a big case with ekranchikom match the size of a box. Included, began accelerated with the electric drive. You with emotion prilnuli eye to orange window-screen. At first, nothing different, except read strips. Finally, the engine begins to work synchronously with the engine in the transmitter (in some receivers synchronism sought manually by pressing a finger on a rotating disc through a special window in the shell). That motion strips slowed, stopped, and you distinguish between some vague shadow. Telegrafon Paulsena Man! Here it shagnul, vytyanul hand. And you see all this. Just a miracle! Probably both perceived and the first television broadcasts from Moscow, carried out in 1931, the laboratory team All-Union Institute of Electrical under the leadership of P. V. Shmakova and Archangel. Moscow television signals transmitted on the waves of 379 meters (video, 30 lines, 12.5 fps) and 720 meters (sound) and was taken in Leningrad, Odessa, Kharkiv, Nizhny Novgorod, Tomsk and other cities. Thus, this year we will celebrate 75 years of domestic television or "dalnovideniya", as it was called then.
Just as in the USSR was issued more than 3000 televisions with screen sizes of 4x3 cm and disks Nipkova. In Polytechnical Museum (Moscow) has been preserved specimen of such televisions. This set of B-2 design Anton Breytbarta. In addition to the TV itself, it includes radio E-4S (for the reception of sound) and have already referred to "dish" loudspeaker.
Recorder Stenorette uleglis When the first enthusiasm, it turned out that he described mechanical television system, with all its simplicity and low cost of implementation, there are many fundamental flaws, not to take it forward. Let's remember that back in 1907, St. Petersburg Institute of Technology professor Boris Rosing patented, and in 1911 demonstrated the device, whose image is shown on the screen electron-beam tubes point of a pencil point cathode rays committing traffic, synchronous movements with axes light beams coming at the station of departure from the image elements to photodetectors. In the same year, Boris Rosing received "Privilegiyu ¹ 18076" to foster electronic tube, preimage modern tubes. Professor assist during a demonstration experience, his student Vladimir Zvorykin, subsequently became a major scientist and inventor.
The era of modern television begins with a legendary meeting of David and Vladimir Sarnova Zvorykina, decided to start practical establishment of electronic television. The meeting of two geniuses of Russia, more precisely, "geniuses place", on Vaylya words - because they met at the right time in the right place - occurred in 1929 (a pretext "of" is very appropriate because the meeting was already in America ).
David Sarnov the time was president already mentioned the American Broadcasting Corporation (RCA). A former student of St. Petersburg Rozinga Sarnovu practical work demonstrated his new invention - iconoscope (transmission electron-beam tubes) and the tube, now familiar to all on domestic television.
Grundig radar Ten years later, in 1939 - m, the company established the first Sarnova acting television network, developed by a talented inventor of Russia. She worked at an international fair in New York, before the visitors made the first time on television, President of the United States. This was Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In people (American) TV Zvorykina shagnulo after the war in 1945 - m, through forty days after the end of it. And three years later in the range metre waves began broadcasting television and Moscow (for a standard expansion on the 625 lines and 50 interlaced fields, with clear lines and 500 television bands in 6 MHz). This standard was developed in 1944 Yuri Kaznacheevym, SI Kataevym and Sergey Novakovskim. To view the television was available for the whole family, in front of tiny tubes first mass KVN TV-49 put a huge lens ... with water.
AEG-Telefunken tape recorder Few people are aware that one of the authors of the standard Sergei Novakovsky provozvestnikom and is now growing popularity of high-definition television (HDTV). Even in 1946 he made a proposal to establish a television systems to 1000 lines, and later under his leadership was developed and manufactured in 1200 HDTV system lines. And ten years earlier than the first Japanese model. And it works so far. True, in a single copy - in the Mission Control Center in Moscow City Queen.
In November of 1952 in our country held its first experimental transmission of color television on a consistent system, developed under the leadership of VL Kreuzer. Around the same time transfer experiments on a consistent color signals holds U.S. corporation CBS. In 1954, Moscow was established colored television station, which for several years has experienced transmission. It was released batch of colour television sets "Rainbow" with black-and-white tubes diameter of 18 cm and with rotating three-filter. What's interesting is already in our time this idea was borrowed to create odnochipovyh mikrozerkalnyh video projector (DLP). Indeed, there steep filter the same as in the Soviet "Rainbow" half a century ago!
Rare meantime, copies (in 1953) in the U.S. company RCA has developed a system of color TV with simultaneous transmission of signals of all color and, most importantly, compatible with the standard black and white television. A year later, the system was approved as a national standard committee on standards in the field of television (National Television Standards Committee) and has since been known by the acronym NTSC. Subsequently, the system had been adopted by several countries in North and South America, and Southeast Asia.
This was followed by the development and entry into service in the years 1966-1967 European PAL systems and SECAM. The system SECAM (SEquential Couleur Avec Memoire - consistent transfer of colors from memory) was developed in 1958 in France, and the system TV B-2 PAL (Phase Alternation Line - lines with a variable phase) - in West Germany. The practical application of both systems found in 60 - s: PAL - in western Europe, and SECAM - at their historic homeland, in France, and its former colonies in North Africa. In our country, color television in the standard SECAM appeared in 1967. Choosing the standard not least was based on political considerations - not only would the system NTSC "U.S. imperialists" and not standard PAL "Bonn revanchist". Then too, and Warsaw Pact countries "voluntarily" adopted SECAM. By the way, initially through the establishment of its system in France was based on a similar idea.
Still, will not go into further details. We are primarily interested in the history of magnetic and optical recording television signals. But about this history, contemporary problems videotaped - in the following publications.