Musical recording. Systems of playing music for the musical notation in the systems of sound recordings stand mansion. Actually, sound recording as such they do not. There is only recording of notes by perforation of paper canvases mechanical piano or perforation of the old metal disk sharmanki. But there is a reproduction! Moving paper tape, hammers spring keys, entering into zones of perforation, royalnye string of hits, along with mechanical piano chords falling in obmorok ladies from Cech plays. Or another type of play. Krutov sharmanki disc, it sounds simple music, sings about his Leiermann marmot. About this impasse branch of evolution could not say if it did not reach us in the form of an entire orchestra of mechanical tools - paint street orchestra on wheels, runs on the embankment in Amsterdam canals or quiet streets of old Vienna.
Mechanical Edison phonograph record. The first device for recording voice fluctuation built in 1857 by L. Scott French printer. Sound vibrations, emphasizing the large parabolic mouthpiece, leads to the membrane. With the membrane connects the edge of needles, leaving traces (sound track) to cover soot cylinder, rotating through the clock mechanism with the weight or using the handle. When talking on the surface of the cylinder to receive voice recording sound fluctuations. But Scott decided not inverse problem - playback of recorded fluctuations. This task has tried to solve another French inventor - Charles Kro. In 1877, he sent in the Paris Academy of Sciences description paleofona - the device for recording and playback "votes last". Writing in this device was no longer in the cylinder, but on a flat disc, covered with soot. Then Kro suggested using photos to defer the recorded sound mark on the cliche, made of a transparent substance, and thus received disc playback using photovoltaic effect, transforms light energy into electrical signals. This effect was first used in practice, the French physicist Edmonom Bekkerelem (Becquerel) in 1839 year.
Cover advertising booklet Fonograf Edison. The founder of existing machines for the first recording and playback of sound was an outstanding American engineer, author of more than a thousand inventions Thomas Alva Edison (Edison). Persistence and workability of this man is truly surprising. He spent thousands of experiments by changing the composition of roller cover, choosing membranes, voice and mechanisms of rotation roller. In Edison in 1877 designed the device, called them a phonograph, and a year later organized a company for their release. Cylindrical box for storage of records in the first phonograph record was made in tin foil covering the surface of the cylinder roller-driven handle. Needle-related membrane, move along the roller, leaving a screw trace. The shortcomings were many: instability speed roller led to distortions toned sound recording on tin foil quickly Repeat with the port. Nevertheless, the phonograph was a huge success. At the World Exhibition in Paris in 1889, before the pavilion with Edison phonograph stood in long queues. Interested parties can listen through the recording device attached to long rubber tube resembling a modern stethoscope. At the same time, the same record could listen to six people. Work on the improvement continued until 20 phonograph - ies of the last century. Fully Issue phonograph was terminated only in 1929. Later he was replaced more sophisticated apparatus - grammofon.
Phonograph "Edison" Parlograf. German inventor Karl Lindshtrem followed by Edison proposed another apparatus, called them parlografom (from the French parlez - speak). It is little different from Edison phonograph, but was best suited for recording speeches and talks. Staff had erased prefix, which could use the same roller several times. The special line of errors allowed to observe that in the right place to write again. Parlograf modern prototype was a tape recorder and dictaphone.
Grammofon. The first patent application for "grammofon flat plates" was filed in 1888 by German engineer Emile Berliner - young inventor working in the field of telephony. Record sound in his device was placed horizontally on the disc, covered with soot. Fluctuations needles committed not up and down, as in the phonograph, and in the transverse direction. Tortuous sound track on the disk enshrines varnish, after which it could make copies - gramophone record. By Grafofon Eagle was established in 1893 and production grammofon plates in factories U.S. corporation Victor Talking Machine Co., Subsequently acquired by the American Broadcasting Corporation (Radio Corporation of America - RCA) and then speaking under the brand RCA Victor. The plates with the logo on the label and with eared fox terrier Nipperom, prilnuvshim to voice grammofon, walked around the entire world. Nipper became the most famous in the world sobachonkoy: plates issued under the slogan: "The voice of his master" (His Master's Voice). A portable version grammofon proposed by Charles Kro, lived until the second half of the twentieth century. Release of this version began in Paris with appliances company "Pate". Hence the title to beget a portable grammofon - patefon.
U grammofon recording system had many deficiencies. In the recording studios of musicians, soloists and broadcasters were in a narrow space, form reminiscent mouthpiece. The execution was to be loud enough - all this is required in order to concentrate in the direction of the sound recorder membranes. Grammofon supplied large-pipe mouthpiece, to enhance the sound. Patefon also be equipped with voice, only this mouthpiece was compactly patefonnogo hidden inside the box. To obtain sufficient volume of sound audio track was to provide a significant amplitude fluctuations needles. This prevented contraction record, and the duration of sounding even "mega-plates" a diameter of 30 cm does not exceed four minutes. In these circumstances, improve the quality of sound was very difficult.
Review of grammofon plates will be incomplete if not mention the "music on the bones". So in our country called music, which caused elektrorekorderom at ... old x-rays. It is at such carriers listeners in Russia fell first recordings of Elvis Presley, jazz recording end of the fortieth - beginning of the fiftieth years. "At the bones" tune up trumpeter Dizzi Gillespi, "on the bones" sounded orchestras Gudmena Benny, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller. At the "bones" transferred trophy "Serenadu solar valley". A forgotten about the "bones" only with the advent of massive tape recorders. Electromechanical recorder. Help came electronics. First, there were electrical devices to record - recorders. Indeed, Edison invented the first recorder, calling it telefonografom. In this device membrane phonograph cited in the oscillatory motion does not sound waves, a solenoid (electromagnet), connected to a telephone line. Thus was first implemented recording telephone conversation. At the beginning of last century in gramzapisi studios have adopted microphones. Installation of wax figures audible signal fluctuations after strengthening leads to the recorder. This time, fluctuations in diamond cutters, cut a tortuous sound track to grammofon drive, converted from electrical fluctuations. If the drive was tselluloidnym, it could play on customary patefone immediately after recording. Similarly constructed "speaking letter". In the studios of an electric recorder enables you to get a good record on wax or lacquer disk from which then manufactures (cast) matrix and printed these plates from shellachnoy or vinyl mass.
Later managed to reduce the speed of the disc with 78 revolutions per minute to 45 (the so-called "single record") and up to 33 1 / 3 (gramophone record, which became known as "dolgoigrayuschimi"). Such discs (and devices for playback) are issued so far. Indeed, judging by the many precision structures, which were presented at the High End Show'2005 in Munich, they are now second birth, drawing popularity among connoisseurs of natural natural sound.
Phonograph Dictaphone "Govoryaschaya paper". Under such an exotic name went down in history original way on a paper tape recording proposed by the inventor of the Soviet Boris Skvortsovym in 1931. Long before the sound era, he tried to solve the task of creating a media sound virtually unlimited length. Paper tape in "speaking paper" reminded punched tape, widely used in computers second half of last century. Only instead of holes there were ink strips caused by electromagnetic stylus special recording device. This tape can be easily printed copy. Playing produced through photovoltaic and tube amplifier. With the advent of tape recorders on the "speaking paper" forgotten, like the "bones", but proposed Skvortsovym way to play is still used in cinematography, where information from the film sound track, too, it reads through photocells.
The patent, issued by Emile Berliner magnetic recording. The history of magnetic recording has more than one hundred years of hard work, inspiration, insight and theoretical studies of successful finds. Its development began almost simultaneously in Europe, America and Asia. In some cases, successes in this area were the result of theoretical research, but in most cases the practice outstrip theoretical finding. The studies carried out in different countries independently of each other, promote common aspiration to create new means of recording and storage of information. The plates for grammofon first attempts to realize a magnetic sound recordings belong to the 80 - year XIX century. For example, patented datchaninom Valdemarom Paulsenom telegrafone (Steel Tare as a Recording Medium, US Pat. ¹ 661619) as a vehicle of record steel wire used for piano strings. In an Englishman in 1888 O. Smith (Smith) in the technical journal Electrical World suggested recording device with support in the form of cotton yarn, stuffed iron filings and extend forward with the one reel to another through a microphone connected to consistently solenoid. Changing Resistance microphone was lead to a change in current and the magnetic flux solenoid, magnetize iron filings. Playing signals were initially weak and distorted, with a high level of noise, but this does not otpugnulo pioneers of further work.
In 1906, working in the American Telegraph, Paulsen with his counterpart Pedersonom patented method of recording with HX permanent field. Grammofon Berlinera This method significantly reduced signal distortion and increased its level, but the ratio of signal to noise ratio remained very low. Nevertheless, on the basis of these works was the first dictaphone, which was serially produced in Germany.
Despite significant successes of electronic technology, not much has changed to twenty years last century, when and in America, and Europe were made significant improvements, leading to magnetic recording continued success. Here is a chronology of these improvements. The head grammofon Berlinera In 1921. The patented method of magnetic recording with variable field HX (Carpenter GW, Carlson WLAC Biasing. - US Pat. ¹ 164088), which significantly reduces distortion and increased the ratio of signal to noise ratio when playing sound recordings on a steel wire.
In 1928. The patented method of causing the magnetic surface on elastic tape (Pfleumer F., Powdered Recording Media, German Pat. ¹ 500900), which has circumvented several problems associated recording on a magnetic wire. In particular, ceased to exist problems associated with twisting wires and reliability of communication between the magnetic head and wire. Fritz Pfloymer proposed framework magnetic tape (which magnitochuvstvitelnoe sprayed coating) form of flexible materials that contain cellulose.
In 1932. German engineer Edward Shyuller designed toroidal magnetic head with a small (about 0.1 mm) air gap, allowing slow down protyagivaniya magnetic tape. Improving the quality of the magnetic coating, which joined experts from Japan (Kato and Takei, Preparation of magnetic material by mixing metallic oxide powders, JIEE of Japan 1933), and use as a basis elastic tapes led to the development of modern magnetic tape. It is all predetermined and further development of magnetic recording technology and its further advancement.
In 1934. The plant BASF Concern IG Fabren were issued the first magnetic tape 50000 meters with a basis of acetate. In 1935. The company AEG (Germany) at the annual fair has demonstrated the first radio tape recorder, devices whose principles are no different from modern magnetic recording devices.
Here is a typical performance of German tape recorders produced in years 1934-1935. Protyagivaniya speed magnetic tape 1-2 m / s, reproducible frequency band 300-6000 Hz, with the tape reel diameter 30 cm time playing such a coil was about 17 minutes. Thomas Grammofon Since then, technical specifications, of course, changed, but the fundamental structure of tape recorders has remained almost the same as it was 70 years ago. And since 1947 tape recorders are already available in all industrialized countries.
Progress in establishing tape recorders aimed at improving the magnetic heads and tapes, tape recorders led to a reduced up to 4.76 cm / s (and even up to 2.38 cm / s) speeds protyagivaniya tape while maintaining a sufficiently high quality performance.
Thomas Grammofon label parallel with the development of coated with a magnetic tape was further developed at a steel tape recordings. The work continued for some time in Germany and the UK company Marconi. The disadvantage of such devices was limited time sound, which reached 30 minutes when using very large reel diameter of 60 cm with up to 3000 m steel tape, tungsten alloy.